HIV/AIDS

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes AIDS. When a person becomes infected with HIV, the virus attacks and weakens the immune system. As the immune system weakens, the person is at risk of getting life-threatening infections and cancers. When that happens, the illness is called AIDS. Once a person has the virus, it stays inside the body for life.

India and HIV

The first case was detected in 1986 in Chennai.
HIV Prevalence in INDIA is 0.27%
The worst affected state is Andhra Pradesh
Maximum Prevalence is seen in Manipur
People living with HIV/AIDS in India is approximately 29 lacs.

Causes

The virus is spread (transmitted) person-to-person through certain body fluids:

Blood
Semen and preseminal fluid
Rectal fluids
Vaginal fluids
Breast milk

HIV can be spread if these fluids come in contact with:

Mucous membranes (inside of the mouth, penis, vagina, rectum)
Damaged tissue (tissue that has been cut or scraped)
Injection into the bloodstream

HIV cannot be spread through sweat, saliva, or urine.

In the United States, HIV is mainly spread:

Through vaginal or anal sex with someone who has HIV without using a condom or is not taking medicines to prevent or treat HIV
Through needle sharing or other equipment used to inject drugs with someone who has HIV

Less often, HIV is spread:

From mother to child. A pregnant woman can spread the virus to her fetus through their shared blood circulation, or a nursing mother can pass it to her baby through her breast milk. Testing and treatment of HIV-positive mothers have helped lower the number of babies getting HIV.
Through needle sticks or other sharp objects that are contaminated with HIV (mainly health care workers).

The virus is NOT spread by:

Casual contacts, such as hugging or closed-mouth kissing
Mosquitoes or pets
Participating in sports
Touching items that were touched by a person infected with the virus
Eating food handled by a person with HIV

HIV and blood or organ donation:

HIV is not spread to a person who donates blood or organs. People who donate organs are never in direct contact with the people who receive them. Likewise, a person who donates blood is never in contact with the person receiving it. In all of these procedures, sterile needles and instruments are used.
While very rare, in the past HIV has been spread to a person receiving blood or organs from an infected donor. However, this risk is very small because blood banks and organ donor programs thoroughly check (screen) donors, blood, and tissues.

Risk factors for getting HIV include:

Having unprotected anal or vaginal sex. Receptive anal sex is the riskiest. Having multiple partners also increases risk. Using a new condom correctly every time you have sex greatly helps lower this risk.
Using drugs and sharing needles or syringes.
Having a sexual partner with HIV who is not taking HIV medicines.
Having a sexually-transmitted disease (STD).

Symptoms

Symptoms related to acute HIV infection (when a person is first infected) can be similar to the flu or other viral illnesses. They include:

Fever and muscle pains
Headache
Sore throat
Night sweats
Mouth sores, including yeast infection (thrush)
Swollen lymph glands
Diarrhea

Many people have no symptoms when they are first infected with HIV.

Acute HIV infection progresses over a few weeks to months to become an asymptomatic HIV infection (no symptoms). This stage can last 10 years or longer. During this period, the person might have no reason to suspect they have HIV, but they can spread the virus to others.

If they are not treated, almost all people infected with HIV will develop AIDS. Some people develop AIDS within a few years of infection. Others remain completely healthy after 10 or even 20 years (called long-term nonprogressors).

People with AIDS have had their immune system damaged by HIV. They are at very high risk of getting infections that are uncommon in people with a healthy immune system. These infections are called opportunistic infections. These can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa, and can affect any part of the body. People with AIDS are also at higher risk for certain cancers, especially lymphomas and a skin cancer called Kaposi sarcoma.

Symptoms depend on the particular infection and which part of the body is infected. Lung infections are common in AIDS and usually cause cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Intestinal infections are also common and can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, or swallowing problems. Weight loss, fever, sweats, rashes, and swollen lymph glands are common in people with HIV infection and AIDS.

Exams and Tests

There are tests that are done to check if you’ve been infected with the virus.

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

In general, testing is a 2-step process:

Screening test — There are several kinds of tests. Some are blood tests, others are mouth fluid tests. They check for antibodies to the HIV virus, HIV antigen, or both. Some screening tests can give results in 30 minutes or less.
Follow-up test — This is also called a confirmatory test. It is often done when the screening test is positive.

Home tests are available to test for HIV. If you plan to use one, check to make sure it is approved by the FDA. Follow instructions on the packaging to ensure the results are as accurate as possible.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that everyone ages 15 to 65 have a screening test for HIV. People with risky behaviors should be tested regularly. Pregnant women should also have a screening test.

TESTS AFTER BEING DIAGNOSED WITH HIV

People with AIDS usually have regular blood tests to check their CD4 cell count:

CD4 T cells are the blood cells that HIV attacks. They are also called T4 cells or “helper T cells.”
As HIV damages the immune system, the CD4 count drops. A normal CD4 count is from 500 to 1,500 cells/mm³ of blood.
People usually develop symptoms when their CD4 count drops below 350. More serious complications occur when the CD4 count drops to 200. When the count is below 200, the person is said to have AIDS.

Other tests include:

HIV RNA level, or viral load, to check how much HIV is in the blood
A resistance test to see if the virus has any changes in the genetic code that would lead to resistance to the medicines used to treat HIV
Complete blood count, blood chemistry, and urine test
Tests for other sexually-transmitted infections
TB test
Pap smear to check for cervical cancer
Anal Pap smear to check for cancer of the anus

Treatment

HIV/AIDS is treated with medicines that stop the virus from multiplying. This treatment is called antiretroviral therapy (ART).

In the past, people with HIV infection would start antiretroviral treatment after their CD4 count dropped or they developed HIV complications. Today, HIV treatment is recommended for all people with HIV infection, even if their CD4 count is still normal.

Regular blood tests are needed to make sure the virus level in the blood (viral load) is kept low or suppressed. The goal of treatment is to lower the HIV virus in the blood to a level that is so low that the test can’t detect it. This is called an undetectable viral load.

If the CD4 count already dropped before treatment was started, it will usually slowly go up. HIV complications often disappear as the immune system recovers.

Prognosis

With treatment, most people with HIV/AIDS can live a healthy and normal life.

Current treatments do not cure the infection. The medicines only work as long as they are taken every day. If the medicines are stopped, the viral load will go up and the CD4 count will drop. If the medicines are not taken regularly, the virus can become resistant to one or more of the drugs, and the treatment will stop working.

People who are on treatment need to see their health care providers regularly. This is to make sure the medicines are working and to check for side effects of the drugs.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call for an appointment with your provider if you have any risk factors for HIV infection. Also contact your provider if you develop symptoms of AIDS. By law, the results of HIV testing must be kept confidential (private). Your provider will review your test results with you.

Prevention

Preventing HIV/AIDS:

Get tested. People who don’t know they have HIV infection and who look and feel healthy are the most likely to transmit it to others.
DO NOT use illegal drugs and do not share needles or syringes. Many communities have needle exchange programs where you can get rid of used syringes and get new, sterile ones. Staff at these programs can also refer you for addiction treatment.
Avoid contact with another person’s blood. If possible, wear protective clothing, a mask, and goggles when caring for people who are injured.
If you test positive for HIV, you can pass the virus to others. You should not donate blood, plasma, body organs, or sperm.
HIV-positive women who might become pregnant should talk to their provider about the risk to their unborn child. They should also discuss methods to prevent their baby from becoming infected, such as taking antiretroviral medicines during pregnancy.
Breastfeeding should be avoided to prevent passing HIV to infants through breast milk.

Alternative Names

HIV infection; Infection – HIV; Human immunodeficiency virus; Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: HIV-1

References

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Simonetti F, Dewar R, Maldarelli F. Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 120.

US Department of Health and Human Services, Clinical Info.gov website. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents living with HIV. clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv/whats-new-guidelines?view=full. Updated July 10, 2019. Accessed November 11, 2020.

Verma A, Berger JR. Neurological manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection in adults. In: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, eds. Bradley’s Neurology in Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 77.